Antibiotic resistance: causes, mechanisms & prevention

Overview

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria acquire or develop mechanisms that reduce the effectiveness of an antibiotic. It is the microorganism, not the patient, that becomes resistant. Resistance may arise through mutations or the transfer of genetic material between bacteria.

Key principles

Important mechanisms include enzymatic drug inactivation, modification of the drug target, reduced permeability and active efflux. Susceptibility testing supports treatment decisions, but results must be interpreted in a clinical context. Prevention includes infection-control measures, vaccination where appropriate, and antibiotic stewardship.

Further reading

Use authoritative references alongside your course material and current validated laboratory procedures.

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